Tort law should not and could not be used to achieve distributive Essay

Tort law should not and could not be used to achieve distributive goals - Essay Example Tort law cannot achieve distributive goals and this attempt would be illegitimate, undesirable, ineffective and non feasible. For instance tort law cannot meet the progressive redistribution of wealth from rich to poor but it is the other way round. Tort law cannot advance the status of groups that are disadvantaged in society since in so many ways it runs short of fairness and that the bottom line is compensation. Social rationality and resource allocation is against the less social valued in society practicing tort law. Tort law cannot achieve distributive goals because it is full of indifference. It is questionable that omissions in tort law are often treated as incurring less liability than acts. Treatment of omission is different from that of acts therefore tort law is law of indifference as in Slovin v Wise (1996) 3 WLR 389. Responsibility for omission is less than that for acts even if damage was identical. It is argued that limiting responsibilities for an individual especially in relation to obligation is the duty of state. In Liability for omission, a distinction is drawn between misfeasance where a party is negligent and nonfeasance where a party does nothing at all. The general rule is that there is no liability for an omission (Slovin v Wise (1996) 3 WLR 389). In justice and rights, morality places an obligation on every individual to save life whenever it is possible. A person wat ching a small child drown in swallow water is morally obliged to save that child. The law of omission in tort gives a leeway. Tort law is a law of monetary compensation and in cases of omission there is no financial claim that results from nonfeasance. In tort, the value of social justice cannot be realized. For instance, Party intervened during an incident that leads to injury is view as less responsible if some third party comes in and causes subsequent harm. Attention is therefore shifted from the negligent act of the defendant toward the immediate wrong inflicted by the third party. It is unjust to say that the original negligent act exemplifies the fact that where injury to property is caused though fault of another party the other party is liable to compensate for the injury caused. It goes without saying that the perpetrator of careless act should be held responsible for injuries caused through there unreasonable behaviour. in Baker v Willoughy (1970) HL the court in the case held that the duty of the motorist and pedestrian with regard to keeping a proper look-out were different; appointment of liability, 25% to pedestrian and 75% to driver. Three years later before a decision on the case was made the claimant was shot during armed robbery in the previously injured led. D still had to make full payment despite the supervening injury because the injury did not rise by accident or lantern condition. The facts of this case demonstrate clearly that tort law cannot achieve distributive goals. For justice to prevail everyone should bear responsibility for their own act. Criminal justice call for a sentence toward the offender in equal measures to the wrong done. If the offender will be a threat to the public, justice and rights of individuals provide for imprisonment. The outcome of tort law can be so unpredictable and economically it may seem difficult to measure permanent damages especially those related to health in monetary terms. In addition, foreseeabl e consequences

Household Energy Usage and Conservation :: Environmental Essays

Household Energy Usage and Conservation Household energy conservation is a very practical and realistic approach to conserving energy within our society. US households consume a tremendous amount of natural gas as well as electric energy. It has been calculated that the amount of energy consumed within the US increased exponentially from about 1850 to 1975. If energy continued to increase at this rate, we would be experiencing severe energy shortages in our current society. Luckily, steps towards conservation, including various energy regulations, have curbed that growth somewhat, brining the predicted 160 Qbtu/yr for the year 2000 down to around 93.8 Qbtu/yr by the year 1996. However, household energy usage is still a major issue as households consume about 38% of the total consumed energy and contribute greatly to natural gas consumption and issues such as global warming. Therefore, it is important that people understand how we use energy in the household and what steps can be taken to conserve that energy. One process within households that contributes greatly to energy consumption is space heating. Space heating simply refers to the heating of the air throughout the house. It has been calculated that space heating consumes about 5.3 Qbtu per year. About 3.7 Qbtu come from natural gas and about .9 Qbtu come from Fuel oil. Only about .4 Qbtus of electricity are consumed by space heating. There are various ways which one can space heat their house. The most common way is to use a furnace, however, stoves, fireplaces, electric resistance heaters and electrically powered heat pumps can also be used to heat the house. Furnaces run mostly off natural gas and tend to be around 60-90% efficient. Older units can be as low as 50% efficient. Electric resistance heaters are usually around 100% efficient at producing heat. However, this statistic is slightly misleading when thinking about total efficiency because you must account for the electric energy being consumed by the heater. Power plants are only able to produce electric energy from natural gas at about 35% efficiency. Consequently, electricity is more expensive than natural gas to produce, making electric resistance heaters more expensive to operate. This energy cost must also be accounted for when adding up the total cost of electric resistance heating. Another way to heat ones house is to use a fireplace.

Positives and Negatives

All people in this world are different. They feel differently and have different skills. Even though they have different skills, strengths and weaknesses, there will be some ones common amongst the people. Likewise, some of my strengths and weaknesses might be similar to that of my friends, parents, relatives, people around the world and some not. That is how we are made. Although, strengths and weaknesses isn’t a permanent thing. It can be worked on and can be improved and polished.I am a very cheerful, caring and loving person who never fails to smile everyday. I tend to remain happy most of the time and believe smile is one of the greatest gift given to us. When we give a smile, it might blossom the rest of the day of another person. Moreover, I am an optimistic person who likes to work hard and always believes if we work hard enough, nothing is impossible to achieve. I like to be confident and think of myself as a quick learner. Without confidence, achieving our goals, tar gets is very difficult.I am a frank, unselfish, team player with the driving power and willingness to learn and face challenges. These are some of the strengths I believe I have in me. Talking about some of my weaknesses, I sometimes get very emotional which affects my day to day life. Also, I feel that I am sensitive to my criticisms. When this happens, I sometimes become short-tempered. My another weakness is that in some cases, I tend to underestimate myself which is one of my biggest weakness I believe so far.Although I have my strengths and weakness, there are some strengths I believe I would like to polish and some weaknesses I would like to improve. First of all, I am confident but in some cases, I might tend to be nervous. I would very much like to improve that and remain confident all of the time, though never be overconfident. I work hard but sometimes, I get distracted and affects my work. I would like to improve that and be more focused. Regarding my weaknesses, the firs t thing I would like to improve would be to never underestimate myself.I should always make myself believe that I have it in me to do a particular work. Also, sometimes, I get short tempered which might hurt a lot of people. So, i need to keep myself calm and never act bitterly. I believe I have expressed myself . These are some of the strengths and weaknesses I believe I have in me. Some strengths needs to be polished and some weaknesses needs to be improved. There is no doubt that it can be achieved because these are not permanent. All this is what makes me and I am proud of who I am.

Crime And Its Effect On Society Essay - 1652 Words

Since the beginning of time crime has always been factor in humanity. In the bible, crime started from Adam and Eve the first man and women. From eating of the forbidden tree to current stage of time, crime has become a part of the human society. However, what is considered a crime and what is not is something that is still controversial. Crime can be defined as a wrong doing by an individual that another individual or groups of individual consider to be criminal. Because the definition of crime is based on human interpretation and individual beliefs, what is criminal and what is not is constantly changing. Thus, what was considered criminal in the current decade may have or not been considered criminal previous years. Two major factor of crime is the punishment that is associated with the wrong doing and the individual that is involved. Therefore, some people may commit the same crime but how the individuals are punished would be different. Which leds to segregation of criminals tha t can be based on their gender, age and color. In the current court of crime, the only separation is based on gender and age. Children under eighteen years old are considered juvenile and above are considered adults. However, in past there was no segregation of children from those considered to be adults. In a research by Ann Crowe, â€Å"English Common Law, which formed a foundation for the American justice system, also did not recognize a special category of juvenile crimes. Rather, youthfulShow MoreRelatedCrime And Its Effects On Society1540 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many kinds of crimes. Crime affects all people, even the ones who are not directly involved. â€Å"Crime imposes significant costs and negative consequences to people globally† (Wickramasekera 2015; 218). The costs of crime can be very high, and that is based on every aspect not just monetary. In today’s world, people spend a lot of money to protect themselves from becoming victims of crimes. Whe n a serious crime happens in one community, people in that community will take the necessary precautionsRead MoreCrime And Its Effect On Society881 Words   |  4 PagesEvery society has codes, standards, behaviors and activities that are deemed appropriate and suitable to the greater good of the members of society. This implies that any activity or behavior that is contrary to the social code of any community is considered a crime. Anything deemed as an anti-social act falls in this category (Ainsworth, 2000). Different societies have various scales to measure what is perceived as crime and what is not. There are various ways in which a society decides whatRead MoreCrime And Its Effect On Society Essay2359 Words   |  10 Pages Crime. Crime is rampant in today’s society and exists in all cultures. Victimless crimes and inane laws have been enacted, making common and harmless acts are a crime. The application of most laws, with its accompanied prosecution, has become a source of revenue for municipalities and county offices. The management of the prison and disciplinary observation has been outsourced to privatised corporations that specialize in the day to day operations of these societal needs. There has also beenRead MoreCrime And Its Effect On Society1982 Words   |  8 PagesIndividuals carry out wrongdoing since they see the advantages; Crimes that have been perpetrated are more often than not for individual additions or delight whether that is taking, false exercises, and assault. However fundamentally investigating Crime and its qualities, criminologist would concur that there s significantly more to wrongdoing. Everybody cherishes a decent deal. For a few individuals, nonetheless, the journey to secure more for less incorporates the desire to get something to noRead MoreCrime And Its Effect On Society Essay2014 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Crime prevalently commits around the globe either at the past time or even in this present and ongoing society. Crime is not commendable to commit in any society, however, we cannot rule out the possibility that, it is there as a complex issue and could be explained as a part of society life. So, what crime actually is? Crime delineates as an illegal act either against law, collective wellbeing, or even political wellbeing (Bradley Walters, 2011). It then overall deems as a kindRead MoreViolent Crimes And Its Effects On Society1699 Words   |  7 Pagesproperty. Life is held as the highest regards in our society, since its is non replaceable or nonrestrictive. I predict violent crimes has a higher clearance levels of arrests. Than that of crimes that least affect a potential victim, such as property crimes. Because, many police agencies lack proper funding , which results in minimum officers. Which results in higher priorities targeted towards the investigations, and manpower to violent crimes. Which our more known to the public, and tarnish aRead MoreComputer Crime And Its Effect On Society932 Words   |  4 PagesComputer crime has been an issue since the 1970s. Computer crimes have been categorized in two ways. First is a physical activity in which criminals steal computers. Second is that in which criminals commit crimes using computers. The recent development of the Internet has created a substantial increase in criminals commit crimes using computers. Thus, an emerging area of criminal behavior is cyber crime. Computer crimes mostly affect to a lot of areas of the society. When we work with computersRead MoreSex Crimes And Its Effects On Society988 Words   |  4 Pages When talking about sex crimes the public goes in an uproar because it’s an emotional topic and can have a critical effect on any person. Sex offenses are nothing new and have been happing for years, but because everything is so mainstream now the public is more informed. Sex offenses are so against society’s norms that offenders are seen as the worst of the worst, but are also feared the most because offenders come in all shapes in sizes. Initially, sex crime offenders were understood to be a strangerRead MoreA Brief Note On Crime And Its Effect On Society838 Words   |  4 Pages31: Criminology How much crime exists in the UK? P1,P2 Crime in relation to deviance is similar, outcomes and consequences differ but the principle is the same. Crime is possibly relative to society, interpreted by based views and morals built up on normative judgement. In the latter, one could say society creates deviants resulting in crime. If there was no laws to be broken then crime would not exist. Norms in society are the foundations of evil and good, people use norms as a way to perceiveRead MoreCrime Recidivism And Its Effects On Society3046 Words   |  13 Pages1% of the population is psychopathic and yet, they commit more than 50% of serious crimes and their crime recidivism is three times more likely than other criminals (how to create a psychopath). It is irrefutable that despite the fact that psychopaths do not comprise much of the population, they are dangerous and menacing to society. Their crimes are callous and gruesome, and often have a profound impact on society as psychopaths prey on as many people as they can, part icularly vulnerable people,

Great Teamwork Is A Major Factor For A Project Success

Great teamwork is a major factor for a project success. Therefore, developing an effective team is one of the greatest responsibilities of a project manager. A team well put together will create positive synergy, amplifying the results of each member within the team, leading to greater success. Greatness does not happen overnight, rather a team must develop just through a process called the five-stage team development (Gray Larson, 2014). The Project Management Institute, Inc. defines project management as â€Å"the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to a broad range of activities in order to meet the requirements of a particular project† (Metafuse, 2015). Projects are completed by a group of people that will continue to develop as the project progresses. The most well known model to describe this process identifies five different stages that lead a team towards success. The first stage is known as forming or project initiation. During the initial stage, members get to know each other and understand the scope of the project (Gray Larson, 2014). They also get to know what roles they have within the team, how to behave with each other and who is in charge. The stage is completed once the members feel like they are part of the team (Gray Larson, 2014). The forming stage has been fairly simple in the past since the people involved in the project already knew each other, except for a few new team members. Roles were specified by the project manager fromShow MoreRelatedMy Major Is Healthcare Administration Essay717 Words   |  3 Pagesname is Diwash Khadka and I am a senior at University of Milwaukee. My major is Healthcare Administration. DMP4 is amazing. It has lots of information regarding Organizational skill and behavior. It also challenges us to get involved in making a website. We don’t get to make website everyday in a class. This is a very challenging project. Since this class is online it required a group of 3 or more people to work on a project. We even did some email communication and targeted to execute this taskRead MoreTeamwork As A Core Component Of Teamwork1028 Words   |  5 PagesTeamwork as stated in a study by Weiss and Hoegl (2015) is defined as a small amount of individuals, a group who partake in acti ons towards a goal shared by a common interest. After reflecting upon the past history of mankind’s roots, it seems teamwork has been practised to not only survive but thrive. The same study used to can be used to deduce fairly plausible conclusions of trends on the spread and adoption of the use of teamwork throughout the last century as derived from academic analysisRead MorePersonal And Professional Characteristics Of Star Performers1457 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness, Barron’s, Atlantic Monthly, and in many other major U.S newspaper. This book, How to be a Star at Work was on the best-sellers list on Amazon for 20 weeks. Introduction How to be A Star at Work focuses on how to improve work ethics and become a star performer. Star performers are workers who add more value than average workers. They tend to produce better results and earn quicker promotions than the average worker. They attract a great amount of interest and admiration within the companyRead MoreThe Right Job1332 Words   |  6 Pageswill need to take these factors into account. I preferred the Teamwork Environment. Because, many projects within the workplace or at school are too large or complex for one individual to complete alone. Imagine someone trying to build the Golden State Bridge all by themselves. According to Jack Welch Some people have better ideas than others; some are smarter or more experienced or more creative. But everyone should be heard and respected. (Welch, 2005, p.56). Teamwork creates more than oneRead MoreThe Importance Of Project Management For The Business World1380 Words   |  6 Pagesbecoming a project manager, the information pertained throughout this course served as a great guide to being an effective project manager. Being effective is the best route in ensuring a successful project. It is critical that the project is managed effective from the beginning of the business project. While the success of a project is never guaranteed, project managers have better chances with implementing the tools discussed from this cour se. I will first discuss the importance of project managementRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act And Its Corresponding Implementation Of The United States Of America Government s Healthcare Marketplace1611 Words   |  7 Pagesimplementation of the project did not finish as expected. Factors contributing to the unsuccessful launch of the software has been attributed to problems with project management, staffing, implementation and technology which can be further broken down into several problematic areas such as the gathering of requirements belonging to the project management category and change management which is handled in the implementation stage. Requirements gathering and poor management have been identified as major causes forRead MoreTeam Work and Motivation1718 Words   |  7 PagesTeamwork and Motivation In just a few years WooWoo manufacture has gained much success by becoming one of the world’s top producer of widgets. Recently sales have been high, but a new report was just released that exposed some defects with our product. This defect issue can quickly turn into a serious problem that will increased our costs and delay deliveries to our customers. During these critical times we must find a way to motivate the 50 employees in our sales, assembly, technology, and administrationRead MoreThe Importance Of A Successful Event Manager1210 Words   |  5 Pagesevent management is generally understood to mean a professional work which aim to create the best experience to running and planning for all the target people, such as customers, shareholders, stakeholders and spectators (Bowdin, 2010). In this case, major business seek for professional event manager to planning for successful completion of specific event and achieve audience satisfaction (Bowdin, 2010). Hence, it is imp ortant to understand essential skills need by event managers. Regarding to the questionRead MoreOvercoming the Challenges of Diversity1413 Words   |  6 PagesOvercoming Challenges of Diversity The forming of a high-performance and cohesive team is a delicate process that when done properly can reap great results. According to the text Tools for Teams, â€Å"effective teams go through three basic phases: formation, development, and renewal.†(Thompson, Aranda , Robbins, 2000, p. 56) Each phase can prevent great challenges for each individual member of the team. It is an even greater challenge when team members are very diverse due to different personalityRead MoreEffect of Teamwork on Employee Performance6031 Words   |  25 PagesCHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this era of increased competition, leaders recognize the importance of teamwork more than ever before. Teams can expand the outputs of individuals through collaboration. Employees who are working in teams become the standard for the organization (Alie, Beam Carey, 1998, Journal of Management Education, 707-719.). It is the means of improving man-power utilization and potentially raising performance of the individual. With a support from upper level

Functionalist view of suicide Essay - 1466 Words

Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess different sociological explanations of suicide. (21 marks) Suicide is the intentional taking of ones own life and sociologists over the years have tried to put forward various explanations for why someone may do this. Within sociology there are many different views on suicide on the causes and explanations for it, these come from two main methodologies which are Positivists who believe that sociology is a science and they should aim to make causal laws on suicide rates, compared to Interpretivists who believe that they should look for meaning behind occurrences and certain individuals experiences before the suicide. Other perspectives also put in their views on what they believe to†¦show more content†¦Egoistic suicide which is when individuals are not integrated well enough into society for example people who live alone compared to those who live with family. Secondly Altruistic suicide which is when individuals are felt to be too integrated into society causing suicide, for example members of the armed forces were said to have gr eater suicide rates than civilian personnel as they were too strongly integrated into a united body. Durkheim also put forward the idea of Anomic suicide, this is when the norms and values in society become unclear or confused in times of great social change and an individual is not taught to adapt to changes well enough. For example an unexpected death of a family member is sudden social change which can cause Anomic suicide. Lastly, he suggested Fatalistic suicide. Fatalism is the excessive amount of regulation which leads to one committing suicide. The interpretivist approach directly contrasts the positivist one and seeks to focus on the meanings of suicide for those involved. Douglas criticises Durkheims use of official statistics as they are not accurate and recommends qualitative studies to discover the real rate of suicide. The statistics are a result of a coroners label and thus it is not trustworthy in his view. This suggested that cases are decided on the basis of probability†. Douglas further seeks to find out the meaning of the suicideShow MoreRelatedAssess Different Sociological Explanations of Suicide1445 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent sociological explanations of suicide. (21 marks) Suicide is the  intentional  taking  of  ones  own  life and sociologists over the years have tried to put forward various explanations for why someone may do this. Within sociology there are many different views on suicide on the causes and explanations for it, these come from two main methodologies which are Positivists who believe that sociology is a science and they should aim to make causal laws on suicide rates, compared to InterpretivistsRead More Comparing Webers and Durkheims Methodological Contributions to Sociology1727 Words   |  7 Pages is, and why their type of methodology is used when carrying out research. It will analyse both Durkheims study of Suicide and also Webers study of The Protestant work ethic, and hopefully establish how each methodology was used for each particular piece of research, and why. Emile Durkhiem, in sociology terminology is considered to be a Functionalist, in addition to also being a Positivist, however, strictly speaking, Durkheim was not a Positivist. This is becauseRead MoreSociological Perspectives On The Sociological Perspective1178 Words   |  5 Pagesthree stages are the theological, metaphysical, and scientific stage. Comte analyzed society’s views and developed the product of the three stages. As the textbook, Society: The Basics says, â€Å"The theological stage gave way to metaphysical stage†, and that was because people changed their views of society, and how the world was not a â€Å"Supernatural phenomenon† to them, but more natural. As society began to view the world as natural rather than supernatural, positivism came to be. Positivism is â€Å"a scientificRead MoreFunctionalist View on Crime1262 Words   |  5 Pagesfind the reasons why this is the case and thus this has led to the development of the; Functionalist, Marxist and, Strain and the Labeling theory. The â€Å"architect† of the original functionalist view on crime was a sociologist by the name of Emile Durkheim (1897). He reasoned that Crime was endemic to all societies in the same way that suicide was ( it should be noted that it was Durkheim’s study of suicide was what gave sociology its academic status as he outlined that taking one’s life was theRead MoreExplain and Evaluate Functionalist, Marxist and Interactionist theories of Society.1276 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will be covering Marxist, Interactionist and Functionalist theories of society. I will be examining their strengths and weaknesses. Using the three social theories, the macro approach of Marx that is used to analyse society from a class conflict view between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the macro approach that Durkheim used when analysing social systems and populations on a large scale and who’s theory views individual’s issues as reflective of wider social pa tterns and theRead MoreSociology Functionalism and Symbolic Interaction1494 Words   |  6 Pagesevents, the micro level of analysis of small social patterns, to the big picture, the macro level of analysis of large social patterns. Sociologists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives: the symbolic interactions perspective, the functionalist perspective, and the conflict perspective. These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. Each perspective uniquely conceptualizes society, social forces, and human behaviourRead MoreConnecting Sociological Theory and Social Issues1046 Words   |  5 Pagesto further go on. Many of which can be viewed and analyzed in various theoretical perspectives, such as: a functionalist’s view, a conflict view, and an interactionist’s view. From the perspective of a functionalist, â€Å"functionalists emphasize the contribution it makes to overall social stability.† (Schaefer, 2011, p. 17). Basically, in terms of education, a functionalist would regard it as almost religious institution to reinforce values of society to maintain stability. We’ll use college sororitiesRead MoreDiscrimination : The Biggest Known Social Problems1468 Words   |  6 Pageshas come to the point where people view LGBT individuals as so different, they don’t believe they should even have the same rights as a straight person. This is why it is such a huge social problem in today’s world. When I did some research online I found a lot of information on LGBT members. The sad thing is that most of the information that ended up popping up was how much more of a risk an LGBT member is sustained to attempting suicide. â€Å"The rate of suicide attempts is 4 times greater for LGBRead MoreSociological Theories Essay1185 Wor ds   |  5 Pagestheory can explain something that another cannot. My aim is to answer this question with reference to both functionalism and conflict theory. This will be done by comparing and contrasting both theories in relation to their perspectives on both suicide and gender discrimination as social issues relevant to this day and age. Functionalism and conflict perspectives are both macro theories. This means that they focus on the big picture, for example social structure, social institutions and economicRead MoreSuicide Rates Among Active Duty Personnel Decreased1551 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the year 2013, suicide rates amongst Active Duty personnel decreased, yet rose for Reserve and National Guard units across the United States (Baldor 2014). This was due in part to the lack of resources available to Reserves and Guard units that were called to serve in foreign lands. The Defense Science Board conducted their own internal investigation on Reserve and Guard sui cide rates and concluded, â€Å"The task force was impressed with the dedication and professionalism of the members of

Analysis of Domestic Water Consumption Free Essays

TECHNICAL REPORT OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES) WITH ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL(AMAC)ABUJA PESENTED BY ADEYEMI ISAAC SHOLA UJ/2008/EV/0222 SUBMMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OFGEOGRAPHY AND PLANNING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES,UNIVERSITY OF JOS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B. Sc Hons)DEGREE PROGRAMME IN GEOGRAPHY AND PLANNING. NOVEMBER, 2012. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Domestic Water Consumption or any similar topic only for you Order Now DEDICATION This report is dedicated to God Almighty my creator. To my parents, Mr. Mrs. ADEYEMI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude goes to God almighty for his guidance and grace given to me throughout my six month industrial training. I remain grateful to my parents for their effort and support towards my education. My gratitude also goes to my departmental supervisors Mrs. L. S Rikko and Mrs. Simi, for setting out time to come and see us in our place of primary assignment. I want to thank my industrial based supervisor Mr. Ali Adamu and the entire staff of the zonal planning office for their assistance. Much gratitude goes to my head of department and to all the staff of the department of geography and planning, university of Jos. Finally, I want to say thank you to all my friends who have been of great encouragement to me throughout this period, I remain grateful. ABSTRACT The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a program which has been organized by the federal government through the industrial training und (ITF) for Nigeria institutions in order to enlighten the students on the usage of equipment and professional practice in their different fields of study. In fulfillment of my study as a geography and planning students, I carried out my six month industrial training in the survey and planning unit office Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), located at area 10 Garki, Abuja. This report comprises of the organization chart of Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA), urban and regi onal planning department and also Abuja Municipal Area Council(AMAC). his report also contains the functions of the zonal planning office, functions of the urban and regional planning department and also the activities I participated in and experiences I gained. Some of the problems encountered during the exercise and possible solutions, were not left out. In conclusion I recommended ways of improving the program and also support of the program by the federal government. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Industrial Training Fund 1. Brief History of SIWES 1. 3 Objectives of SIWES 1. 4 Relevance of SIWES to Urban and Regional Planning CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 INTRODUCTION The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is a program which involves the students, the universities and the industry. The siwes forms a part of the approved minimum academic standards in various degree program in Nigerian universities. The scheme is funde d by the Federal Government of Nigeria and is coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund and the National Universities Commission (NUC 1996). The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme, bridges the gap between theory and practice and also it is aimed at exposing students to machines and equipments, professional work methods and ways of safe guarding work areas and organizations. This report contains the work undertaken, new knowledge learnt and problems encountered by the student during the six months industrial training in zonal planning office Abuja municipal area council located at area 10 Garki, Abuja. Solution to the problem are also included. 1. 1 INDUSTRIAL TRAINNING FUND(ITF) The industrial training fund was established in 1971 as a man power development agency for the federal government of Nigeria. The provision of decree 47 of 8th October 1971,empower industrial training fund (ITF) to promote and encourage the acquisition of skills in industry and co mmerce with a view to generate pool of indigenous trained manpower sufficient to meet the needs of the Nigeria economy. A clause was invented by the ITF in 1978 in the policy statement no. 1 dealing with issues of practical skills among locally trained professionals. Selection 15 of the policy, states that internal emphasis will be place on certain product of post-secondary to adopt or orientate easily on their possible post-graduation for environment. 1. 2 BRIEF HISTORY OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES) The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) came into being with the establishment of industrial training fund (ITF) by the federal government of Nigeria in 1973 under the degree of 47 of 1971 in other to boost indigenous capacity of the nation’s industrial need. This was brought about by the federal ministry of commerce and industries, finance, education in collaboration with NUC and board of technical education (NUBTE) who thought that the main aim of training and exposing students to industrial fields is to give them practical knowledge of what they have been thought in their respective courses. The first started on the 8th of October 1974 with few number of students from different institutions which later increased to a large number of students in tertiary institutions nationwide. 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES To provide an avenue for students in Nigeria Universities to acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study. 2 To prepare students on anticipated working situations after graduation. 3 To expose students to working methods and techniques in handling equipments and machinery that are not available in their various institution. 4 It enhances students contacts for later job placement. 1. 4 RELEVANCE OF SIWES TO URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING Planning is not complete until the job carried out on paper is transferred to the ground. his program gives students the opportunity of seeing work design on paper presented and transferred on ground. it also help in promoting social interaction and appreciating planning in practice and administration and relating with other allied professionals in planning. 1. 5 HISTORY OF FEDERAL CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Federal capital development authority (FCDA) is parastatals under the federal capital territory administration (FCTA) charged with the responsibility of building and developing the federal capital territory. Federal capital development authority (FCDA) was established in April 1976 by degree No 6 of 1976. Federal capital development authority comprises of 10 departments namely: Abuja metropolitan management council (AMMC), Engineering, survey and mapping, resettlement and compensation, finance and administration, mass housing, satellite town infrastructure, urban and regional planning, public building and procurement department. (chart of FCDA). 1. 6 HISTORY OF ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL The evolution of Abuja Municipal area council could be trace to its creation as development area on the 1st of October 1984. in 1987, on the recommendation of the Ahmadu Bello University consultancy group it assumed the full status of local Government (area council). The area council secretariat has different departments such as health, works department, legal department, revenue, Abuja environmental protection board. Location/population Abuja municipal area council is located on the eastern wing of the federal capital territory. t is bounded on the east by Nasarawa state,on the west by kuje area council , North- west by Gwagwalada and on the North by Bwari area council. The last demographic report by the national population commission indicated that the population of the area council stood at 309,306. However it is important to note that the population figure may double this number as the area council is daily experiencing influx of people. The people Abuja municipal area council ha s the following ethnic groups: gbagyi, gwandara,koro, gade. he main gbagyi settlements in amac include the following:karu, nyanya, durumi,garki, keffi,kabasa, mabushi, jabi, lugbe, idu, toge, hulumi, pyakasa, jikwoyi, kuduru, orozo, maitama and asokoro areas. the gwandara people can be found in places like karshi, jiwa, awagwa, karmo and idu. The area council besides the city caters for the needs of over 49 communities each presided by village heads. Besides that, the area council has twelve political wards namely:City centre, Wuse,Gwarinpa, Garki, Kabusa, Gui, Gwagwa karshi, Orozo, Karu and Nyanya. (org chart of AMAC). CHAPTER TWO This chapter consist of basically the administrative work, assingment, fieldwork and lectures recived during the cause of my industrial training at Abuja Municipal Area Council. 2. 0 ADMINSTRATIVE WORK/ASSINGMENTS RECORDING OF INCOMING AND OUTGOING FILES: This is as a result of a complaint been brought to the planning office, in most cases it is a problem of encroachment. This complaint is been filed and taken to the planning and survey unit. My supervisor gives me this file to record into a booklet the file number, the date it was filed, the nature of the complaint. An outgoing file is a file I record which have already been treated. CONFIRMATION OF PLOT NUMBERS ON LAYOUTS: This is an exercise given to me by my supervisor. This entails the checking out of the plot numbers on a specific layout to confirm whether the plot exist in the layout and also to verify the total number of plots on a some layout which includes Apo extension II, Jikoyi village Intergration layout. ASSINGMENTS Some assingments were given to me by my supervisor which I carried out. This assingments includes; defination and type of scales and difference between geography and planning and urban and regional planning. DEFINATION OF SCALE: A scale can be defined as the ratio between the distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the earth surface. TYPES OF SCALES Representative Fraction: This type of scale is a fraction that expresses the mathematical relationship between map and the land such as 1:50,000 which is 1 map unit is equal to 50,000 units. Statement Scale: This is represented in form of a statement that a given distance on the earth equals a given measure on the chart or vice versa. Example 2cm represents 1km. Linear Scale: this shows directly on the map and the corresponding grounddistance. How to cite Analysis of Domestic Water Consumption, Papers